[1] Hugh Chisholm, "Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information (12th edition)", p670. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission [6] Thomson, J.J. (1897). "Cathode Rays". The Electrician. 39: 104. [7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson [8] O. W. Richardson (1901) "On the negative radiation from hot platinum," Philosophical of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 11 : 286-295. [9] Crowell, C. R. (1965). "The Richardson constant for thermionic emission in Schottky barrier diodes". Solid-State Electronics. 8 (4): 395–399. [10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_electron_emission [11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect [12] Herring C, Nichols M H. Thermionic emission[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 1949, 21(2): 185. [13] Dushman S. Thermionic emission[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 1930, 2(4): 381. [14] Dyke W P, Trolan J K. Field emission: large current densities, space charge, and the vacuum arc[J]. Physical Review, 1953, 89(4): 799. [15] Fowler R H, Nordheim L. Electron emission in intense electric fields[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 1928, 119(781): 173-181. [16] Kiziroglou M E, Li X, Zhukov A A, et al. Thermionic field emission at electrodeposited Ni–Si Schottky barriers[J]. Solid-State Electronics, 2008, 52(7): 1032-1038. [17] Murphy E L, Good Jr R H. Thermionic emission, field emission, and the transition region[J]. Physical review, 1956, 102(6): 1464. [18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube [19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-effect_transistor [20] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect [21] Kahn A. Fermi level, work function and vacuum level[J]. Materials Horizons, 2016, 3(1): 7-10.
采用直热式真空二极管
[1] Orloff J. Handbook of charged particle optics[M]. CRC press, 2008. [2] Dushman S. Electron emission from metals as a function of temperature[J]. Physical Review, 1923, 21(6): 623. [3] Richardson O W. Electron emission from metals as a function of temperature[J]. Physical Review, 1924, 23(2): 153.
说明:此节主要参考清华大学较早版本《金属逸出功的测定》实验资料
热电子温度测量
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect [2] https://assets.testequity.com/te1/Documents/pdf/keithley/2182A.pdf [3] Langmuir I. The characteristics of tungsten filaments as functions of temperature[J]. Physical Review, 1916, 7(3): 302. [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan–Boltzmann_law [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body_radiation [6] http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/370/thermionic.pdf
费米狄拉克分布的测量 [1]
[1] Azooz A A. An experiment on thermionic emission: back to the good old triode[J]. European journal of physics, 2007, 28(4): 635. [2] http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/370/thermionic.pdf
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